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 ====== solid waste ======
-The Doña Juana Landfill is Bogotá’s main municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal site. It has been in operation since 1988 and is one of the largest landfills in Colombia.It primarily receives large amounts of waste generated by Bogotá and nearby cities, handling several thousand tons of waste daily. A significant portion of Bogotá’s solid waste is organic, meaning that during decomposition in the landfill, it produces leachate and gases such as methane.
+With rapid urbanization, population growth, and long-term reliance on landfill-based waste disposal, Bogotá is facing increasingly severe challenges in [[26|soil]] and solid waste management (World Bank, 2010). The city generates several thousand tonnes of municipal solid waste each day, a substantial proportion of which consists of organic waste. Most of this waste is transported to the **[[09|Doña Juana Landfill]]**, which has been in operation since 1988 and is one of the largest landfill facilities in Colombia (Wikipedia, 2024).
-Leachate contamination poses risks to **[[26|soil]]** and **[[08|groundwater]]*: as waste decomposes in the landfill, moisture and decomposition byproducts generate leachate, which can infiltrate surface soil or groundwater and, if poorly managed, carry heavy metals, harmful chemicals, and pathogens. In addition, the accumulation of waste in the landfill can create landslide and geological hazards when internal pressures, such as leachate and gas buildup, become too high. For example, the Doña Juana Landfill has experienced several large-scale landslides since 1997, including a 1.2 million cubic meter waste slide in 1997, with additional events in 2015 and 2020. Waste, leachate, and landfill gases also lead to land degradation and ecological damage, potentially disrupting soil structure, vegetation, wetlands, water bodies, and terrestrial ecosystems. Communities living near the landfill are exposed to public health risks, including odors, pests, air pollution, and contaminated surface and groundwater, which can result in respiratory, skin, visual, and digestive health problems.
+One of the primary soil-related environmental risks associated with landfill disposal is the generation of leachate. During the decomposition of organic waste, moisture and biochemical reactions produce leachate, which, if inadequately managed, can infiltrate surrounding **[[26|soil]]** layers and the **[[08|groundwater]]** system (MDPI, 2023). Leachate typically contains heavy metals, toxic chemical compounds, and pathogenic microorganisms, posing long-term threats to soil quality, nearby agricultural land, and aquatic ecosystems. Over time, this contamination can lead to soil structure degradation and a decline in ecological resilience.
+In addition to chemical pollution, large-scale waste accumulation creates significant geological and soil stability risks. The **[[09|Doña Juana Landfill]]** has experienced several major landslides, notably in 1997, 2015, and 2020. These incidents were primarily caused by internal pressure from waste accumulation, leachate build-up, and the continuous release of landfill gases (Wikipedia, 2024). Such events not only destabilize soil structures but also release pollutants into surrounding ecosystems, accelerating environmental degradation.
+The impacts of soil waste issues extend beyond ecological systems and directly threaten public health in nearby communities. Residents living close to the landfill are chronically exposed to foul odors, pest infestations, air pollution, and contaminated surface water and **[[08|groundwater]]**, increasing the risk of respiratory, dermatological, gastrointestinal, and visual health problems (World Bank, 2010). This highlights the close relationship between soil waste management, environmental justice, and urban health.
+Bogotá’s soil waste challenges reflect the limitations of excessive reliance on landfill-based disposal systems in rapidly expanding cities. The inability to effectively recover and reuse pollutants, combined with poorly managed waste accumulation, exacerbates environmental degradation and ultimately threatens the quality of life of local residents.
+Reference：
+MDPI (2023) ‘Environmental impacts of landfill leachate on soil and groundwater systems’, Sustainability, 15(4), pp. 1–18. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com
+World Bank (2010) Colombia: Urban Solid Waste Management and Environmental Sustainability. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org
+Wikipedia (2024) Doña Juana Landfill. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_Juana_Landfill