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-solid waste
+====== solid waste ======
+With rapid urbanization, population growth, and long-term reliance on landfill-based waste disposal, Bogotá is facing increasingly severe challenges in [[26|soil]] and solid waste management (World Bank, 2010). The city generates several thousand tonnes of municipal solid waste each day, a substantial proportion of which consists of organic waste. Most of this waste is transported to the **[[09|Doña Juana Landfill]]**, which has been in operation since 1988 and is one of the largest landfill facilities in Colombia (Wikipedia, 2024).
+One of the primary soil-related environmental risks associated with landfill disposal is the generation of leachate. During the decomposition of organic waste, moisture and biochemical reactions produce leachate, which, if inadequately managed, can infiltrate surrounding **[[26|soil]]** layers and the **[[08|groundwater]]** system (MDPI, 2023). Leachate typically contains heavy metals, toxic chemical compounds, and pathogenic microorganisms, posing long-term threats to soil quality, nearby agricultural land, and aquatic ecosystems. Over time, this contamination can lead to soil structure degradation and a decline in ecological resilience.
+In addition to chemical pollution, large-scale waste accumulation creates significant geological and soil stability risks. The **[[09|Doña Juana Landfill]]** has experienced several major landslides, notably in 1997, 2015, and 2020. These incidents were primarily caused by internal pressure from waste accumulation, leachate build-up, and the continuous release of landfill gases (Wikipedia, 2024). Such events not only destabilize soil structures but also release pollutants into surrounding ecosystems, accelerating environmental degradation.
+The impacts of soil waste issues extend beyond ecological systems and directly threaten public health in nearby communities. Residents living close to the landfill are chronically exposed to foul odors, pest infestations, air pollution, and contaminated surface water and **[[08|groundwater]]**, increasing the risk of respiratory, dermatological, gastrointestinal, and visual health problems (World Bank, 2010). This highlights the close relationship between soil waste management, environmental justice, and urban health.
+Bogotá’s soil waste challenges reflect the limitations of excessive reliance on landfill-based disposal systems in rapidly expanding cities. The inability to effectively recover and reuse pollutants, combined with poorly managed waste accumulation, exacerbates environmental degradation and ultimately threatens the quality of life of local residents.
+Reference：
+MDPI (2023) ‘Environmental impacts of landfill leachate on soil and groundwater systems’, Sustainability, 15(4), pp. 1–18. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com
+World Bank (2010) Colombia: Urban Solid Waste Management and Environmental Sustainability. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org
+Wikipedia (2024) Doña Juana Landfill. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_Juana_Landfill