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 ====== Paramo de Sumapaz ======
-The Paramo de Sumapaz is a biodiverse grassland-peatland ecosystem at high altitude in the [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense mountain range]]. The Páramo experiences low intensity [[rainfall]] and frequent [[fog]], which the vegetation (including particularly representative species, [[sphagnum moss]], [[tussock grass]], and [[freilajones]]) captures and stores.
+The Paramo de Sumapaz is a biodiverse grassland-peatland ecosystem at high altitude in the [[02|Altiplano Cundiboyacense mountain range]]. The Páramo experiences low intensity [[21|rainfall]] and frequent [[05|fog]], which the vegetation (including particularly representative species, [[28|sphagnum moss]], [[35|tussock grass]], and [[07|freilajones]]) captures and stores.
-[[Soil]] moisture is also kept high by the hydraulic connectivity of the soil and acts as a key regulator of surface runoff production. At the foot of the hillslopes and the bottom of valleys, organic rich soils and cushion plants maintain saturated conditions. On [[hillslopes]], freely draining soils and [[tussock grass]] conduce lateral flow and connectivity with the [[channel network]], as well as both [[deep soil horizons]] and shallow [[groundwater]] which drain via [[riparian areas]] into [[streams]].
+[[26|Soil]] moisture is also kept high by the hydraulic connectivity of the soil and acts as a key regulator of surface runoff production. At the foot of the hillslopes and the bottom of valleys, organic rich soils and cushion plants maintain saturated conditions. On hillslopes, freely draining [[26|soils]] and [[35|tussock grass]] conduce lateral flow and connectivity with the [[31|channel network]], as well as both deep soil horizons and shallow [[08|groundwater]] which drain via riparian areas into streams.
-Densely populated [[Bogotá]] depends on the shallow subsurface and [[surface water]] of the Páramo as a main source for [[human consumption]], [[industrial]] uses and [[hydropower generation]], using the high altitude of the Páramo and [[gravity]] to work as a ‘natural water tower’. The land is used for [[livelihood]], [[wellbeing]], and holds immense [[spiritual significance]], however intensive [[livestock]] grazing, [[cultivation]] and [[forest plantations]] including [[anthropic introduction of fire]], have negatively affected the water availability and quality, and [[biodiversity]]. [[livestock]] grazing and exotic species introduction, namely, [[pine trees]], have increased [[soil]] density and reduced [[soil]] porosity, resulting in increased evaporation, reduced hydrological regulation capacity and subsequent reduced yield. The functional mechanisms of the Páramo are not fully understood and they remain distinctly under researched, leading to [[sustainability interventions]] which have been ineffective or detrimental. [[Citizen science]] and participatory monitoring has been found to be an effective tool for generating locally relevant knowledge on the function, use, degradation and management of the Páramo, as well as [[remote sensing]].
+[BRIEF EXPL. JOURNEY OF WATER FROM STREAMS TO RIOS EN BOGOTA]
+Densely populated Bogotá depends on the shallow subsurface and [[31|surface water]] of the Páramo as a main source for human consumption, industrial uses and hydropower generation, using the high altitude of the Páramo and gravity to work as a ‘natural water tower’ [CITE]. The land is used for livelihood, wellbeing, and holds immense spiritual significance, however intensive [[livestock]] grazing, [[cultivation]] and forest plantations including anthropic introduction of [[fire]], have negatively affected the water availability and quality, and biodiversity. These factors have increased [[26|soil]] density and reduced [[26|soil]] porosity, resulting in increased evaporation, reduced hydrological regulation capacity and subsequent reduced yield. The functional mechanisms of the Páramo are not fully understood and they remain distinctly under researched, leading to sustainability interventions which have been ineffective or detrimental. Citizen science and participatory monitoring has been found to be an effective tool for generating locally relevant knowledge on the function, use, degradation and management of the Páramo (Condensan, 2012), as well as remote sensing [CITE].
 CONNECTIONS
-Framing the Páramo through Latour’s Actor–Network Theory reveals its role within a network of non-human actors that intertwines social, political, and ecological dimensions (Latour,1996). Ecologically, the Páramo functions as a vital [[hydrological system]], capturing mist at high elevations in the [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense mountain range]] bordering Bogotá, transforming it into water that feeds the downstream [[Quebrada Limas River]] (Baruffol,2020). This process establishes a chain of interconnections that extend beyond ecology into the social and political sphere. The water originating from the Páramo becomes a site of contention, as industrial actors, such as [[mining]] and [[waste management]] operations, seek to exploit these natural resources under [[regulatory frameworks]], while communities in Bogotá depend on the same waters for sustenance. Thus, the Páramo operates not merely as an ecological entity but as a dynamic network that transcends its physical boundaries, shaping the political and social landscapes it touches.
+Framing the Páramo through Latour’s Actor–Network Theory reveals its role within a network of non-human actors that intertwines social, political, and ecological dimensions (Latour,1996). Ecologically, the Páramo functions as a vital [[39|hydrological system]], capturing mist at high elevations in the [[02|Altiplano Cundiboyacense mountain range]] bordering Bogotá, transforming it into water that feeds the downstream [[20|Quebrada Limas River]] (Baruffol,2020). This process establishes a chain of interconnections that extend beyond ecology into the social and political sphere. The water originating from the Páramo becomes a site of contention, as industrial actors, such as [[16|mining]] and [[37|waste management]] operations, seek to exploit these natural resources under [[23|regulatory frameworks]], while communities in Bogotá depend on the same waters for sustenance. Thus, the Páramo operates not merely as an ecological entity but as a dynamic network that transcends its physical boundaries, shaping the political and social landscapes it touches.
-The Páramo also extends into the [[spiritual]] and cultural sphere, where it is regarded as a sacred landscape that sustains both ecological and social life. Within many Andean communities, the Páramo is conceived as a living entity imbued with ancestral and spiritual significance, symbolising balance, renewal, and the interdependence between humans and nature (de la Torre et al., 2018). Its mist and waters are often perceived as gifts from the mountains, reinforcing communal rituals, local cosmologies, and moral responsibilities toward environmental stewardship (Ulloa, 2017; Escobar, 2020). In this sense, the Páramo’s influence transcends its ecological function, becoming a sacred social actor that shapes collective identity, ethical practice, and the cultural continuity of those who inhabit its landscapes (Bastien, 2013).
+The Páramo also extends into the [[29|spiritual]] and cultural sphere, where it is regarded as a sacred landscape that sustains both ecological and social life. Within many Andean communities, the Páramo is conceived as a living entity imbued with ancestral and spiritual significance, symbolising balance, renewal, and the interdependence between humans and nature (Borawska-Melnyk, 2025). Its mist and waters are often perceived as gifts from the mountains, reinforcing communal rituals, local cosmologies, and moral responsibilities toward environmental stewardship (Ulloa, 2017). In this sense, the Páramo’s influence transcends its ecological function, becoming a sacred social actor that shapes collective identity, ethical practice, and the cultural continuity of those who inhabit its landscapes.
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 __Bibliography__
+Baruffol, M. (2020) //Andean ‘water sponges’: The role of plants in water supply.// Kew. 22 March. Available at: [[https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/paramos-andean-water-sponges]]
+ (Accessed: 20 November 2025).
+Borawska-Melnyk, A. (2025) //‘Páramo, or water factories: a botanical phenomenon in the Andes’//, Wod ne Sprawy. Available at:[[ https://wodnesprawy.pl/en/paramo-or-water-factories-in-the-andes/]]
+ (Accessed: 20 November 2025).
+Latour, B. (1996) //‘On actor-network theory: a few clarifications’//, Soziale Welt, 47(4), pp. 369–381. Available at: [[http://www.jstor.org/stable/40878163]]
+ (Accessed: 20 November 2025).
+Ulloa, A. (2017) //‘Perspectives of environmental justice from Indigenous peoples of Latin America: a relational Indigenous environmental justice’//, Environmental Justice, 10(6), pp. 175–180. doi: 10.1089/env.2017.0017. Available at: [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320092634_Ulloa-A-_2017-Perspectives_of_Environmental_Justice_from_Indigenous_Peoples_of_Latin_America_A_Relational_Indigenous_Environmental_Justice]]
+ (Accessed: 20 November 2025).
+to be ref'ed
+https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13904
+https://condesan.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Libro2.pdf - p113 buenas practicas para la gestion de los paramos